This written evidence was produced by Nicolas Jouan, Charlotte Kleberg, and James Black at RAND Europe, the European arm of the RAND Corporation, a non-profit research institute. It draws on RAND research on a ‘UK Strategy for the High North’ conducted on behalf of the Ministry of Defence (MOD) and Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), as well as other RAND studies on Arctic security, governance, and related issues. Following the terms of references of the inquiry, this evidence addresses two sets of questions: The evolving security environment in the Arctic: Questions 1-4. UK strategy towards the Arctic: Questions 8-10.

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